All posts by Jeff Bernstein
The way in which you communicate with your customers really does impact the effectiveness of your collections operation. At the heart of any collections management operation is the quality of the correspondence and, in particular, the tone of voice adopted with the debtor. In short, what you say is important, but how you say it has a critical impact on its effectiveness. To help guide best practice in this area and provide areas for consideration when designing and implementing customer letters within a collections strategy, Experian commissioned a study to explore how consumers react to the words used to communicate with them about their debt. Key findings:An appropriate tone, clear detail of the consequences and a conciliatory approach are effective in the early phases of collection Fees and charges and negative impacts on credit ratings were key motivators to pay Charges applied to an account for issuing a letter is disliked and likely to encourage many to contact the organisation to express their frustration After 3 months a strong emphasis on serious action is appropriate, including reference to legal action or debt collection agency involvement Support should be offered, wherever possible, to aid those in difficulty Letters should avoid an informal and patronising tone Lengthy letters have a low impact and are often not fully read, resulting in important messages being missed Use of red to highlight and focus on a specific point is effectiveUse of red to highlight more than one point is counter-effective To download the entire paper* and view other best practice briefings, follow the link below to the global Experian Decision Analytics collections briefing papers page: http://www.experian-da.com/resources/briefingpapers.html * Secure download account required. You can sign up for one today - FREE.
2007 and 2008 saw a rapid change of consumer behaviors and it is no surprise to most collections professionals that the existing collections scoring models and strategies are not working as well as they used to. These tools and collections workflow practices were mostly built from historical behavioral and credit data and assume that consumers will continue to behave as they had in the past. We all know that this is not the case, with an example being prioritization of debt and repayment patterns. Its been assumed and validated for decades that consumers will let their credit card lines go before an auto loan and that the mortgage obligations would be the last trade to remain standing before bankruptcy. Today, that is certainly not the case and there are other significant behavior shifts that are contributing to today's weak business models. There are at least three compelling reasons to believe now is the right time for updates: It appears that most of the consumer behavioral shift is over for collections. While economic recovery will take many years, more radical changes in the economy are unlikely. Most experts are calling for a housing bottom sometime in 2009 and there are already signs of hope on Wall Street. What is built now shouldn't be obsolete next year. A slow economic recovery probably means that the life of new models will be fairly long and most consumers won't be able to improve their credit and collections scores anytime soon. Even after financial recovery (which at this point is not likely over the short term for many that are already in trouble), it can take two to seven years of responsible payment history before a risk assessment is improved. We now have the data with which to make the updates. It takes six to12 months of stability to accumulate sufficient data for proper analysis and so far 2009 hasn't seen much behavioral volatility. Whether you build or buy, the process takes awhile, so if you still need a few more months of history in will be in hand when needed if the projects are kicked off soon.
Due to the recent economic events, increased collections workloads are straining client infrastructures and resources. Most clients in North America operate their delinquent accounts on legacy collections systems that are inflexible and expensive to manage and maintain. A recent and abrupt spending shift has drifted toward collections tools, data, operational, efficient workflow and decisioning systems.On the information technology front, the collections workflow software industry is on the brink of a technology shift from legacy systems to modern next generation offerings that are typically coded in Java. Very few collections software vendors have actually released and implemented their next generation products and are preparing to do so over the next six to 12 months. Clients are aware of this technology shift and the interest of many end users has been heightened and many are actively researching and shopping.Reducing operational costs is an urgent priority for most financial institutions and utilities. Legacy systems do not allow management to change strategies or flows quickly or in a cost effective manner, which leaves most collections departments unable to keep up with rapidly changing environments and business objectives. Clients also have critical business needs to reduce losses, improve cash flow and promote customer satisfaction. Many clients maintain multiple systems and it is common that these disparate systems do not communicate with each other. Consolidating collections operations and databases into one central system is strongly desired and presents an opportunity for significant financial gain.
Our current collections management landscape is seeing unprecedented consumer debt burdens: Total consumer debt o/s is at $14 trillion as of Jan ’09 Revolving debt o/s has reached $1 trillion The unemployment rate is at 7.6% and is expected to continue to rise Credit card and Home Equity Line Of Credit issuers reduced available credit by approximately $2 Trillion last year and more reductions are expected in 2009 There is a continuing rise in delinquencies and chargeoffs. Here are some examples from our recent research: 8.5% of Prime Adjustable Rate Mortgages are now delinquent which shows an increase of 491% over this time last year 25% of all sub prime mortgages are now 60+ days delinquent Delinquencies for prime bankcard customers have increased 286% over the last 2 years 34% of all scoreable consumers (those who have sufficient trade information to calculate a score) now have a collection account. Compound these by a decline in the relative collectability of these accounts and you see: 9 million households now have negative equity 20% of 401(k) accounts have been tapped for loans (usually at a cost of 45% in penalties and fees to the account holder) According to the Federal Reserve, in late 2006 – at the height of the sub prime mortgage boom - the U.S. experienced a negative savings rate for the first time since the Great Depression.
Understanding the Champion/Challenger testing strategy As the economic world continues to change, collection strategy testing becomes increasingly important. Champion/Challenger strategy testing is performed using a sample segment and the results provide a learning tool for determining which collections strategies are most effective. This allows strategies to be tested before rolling them out across the entire portfolio. The purpose of this experimental element to collections strategy management is to observe the effectiveness of new strategies, support continuous improvement of collection approaches and facilitate adaptability to changes in consumer behavior. The methodology behind testing is simple. First, the current environment should be assessed to identify specific areas for potential improvement. Then, a test plan is designed. The test plan should, at a minimum, include well-defined objectives and goals, proposed strategy design, determination of sample size, operational considerations, execution approach, success criteria, and evaluation timetable. After the framework for the test plan has been outlined, running “what if” scenarios will improve refinement of the collections strategy. In the next phase, implementation occurs following the directives of the test plan. Evaluating strategies commences after implementation and continues throughout the duration of the test. This includes analyzing metrics established during the test plan phase to identify trends and changes as a result of the new challenger strategy. The challenger strategy is declared the new champion if the test achieves or exceeds expectations. However, before proceeding with the new champion strategy over the entire portfolio, carefully consider any operational constraints that might hinder the success of the strategy on a grand scale. Once these operational constraints have been identified and their impact assessed, the new champion strategy should be executed.
In addition to behavioral models, collections management and account management groups need the ability to implement strategies in order to effectively handle and process accounts, particularly when the optimization of resources is a priority. While the behavioral models will effectively evaluate and measure the likelihood that an account will become delinquent or result in a loss, strategies are the specific actions taken, based on the score prediction, as well as other key information that is available when those actions are appropriate. Identifying high-risk accounts, for example, may result in collections strategies designed to accelerate collections activity and execute more aggressive actions and increase collections efficiency. On the other hand, identifying low-risk accounts can help determine when to take advantage of cost-saving actions and focus on customer retention programs. Effective strategies also address how to handle accounts that fall between the high- and low-risk extremes, as well as accounts that fall into special categories such as first-payment defaults, recently delinquent accounts and unique customer or product segments. To accommodate lenders with systems that cannot support either behavioral scorecards or automated strategy assignments a hosted collections software decisioning system can close the gap. To use these services master file data needs to be transmitted (securely) on a regular basis. The remote decision engine then calculates behavioral scores, identifies special handling accounts and electronically delivers the recommended strategy code or string of actions to drive treatments.
Behavioral scoring is one of the most important tools that allow collections management and account management groups to evaluate accounts in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Although behavioral models are developed in a similar manner as new applicant models, there are several key differences that make behavioral models a better choice for many account management applications and collections workflow systems:By using only internal master file data as opposed to external credit bureau data, for example, accounts can be regularly evaluated without incremental cost. The most common practices are to score accounts on a weekly or monthly basis, which allows for quick strategic responses to a customer’s change in behavior. Frequent evaluations can result in automated or manual actions such as the acceleration or deceleration of collections efforts, adjusting credit limits and changing terms and conditions.The performance definitions of behavioral scores are very specific to each strategy and task, and it is typically not advised to use models in applications for which they were not designed. For example, a new applicant model definition of “bad” may be a high probability of charge off during the initial term of a line of credit. For collections strategy, a more appropriate bad definition might be the likelihood of an account rolling to the next delinquency bucket, regardless of the age of the account. Behavioral models also have a much shorter outcome period of three to four months versus new applicant models that forecast over one to two years. Since behaviors with one creditor can typically be recognized more quickly than with all lending institutions associated with a particular debtor, behavioral models provide a unique and timely evaluation of the ongoing risk once the account is already on the books.
Have you ever wondered how your current collections workflow process evolved to its current state? To start at the beginning, let’s rewind to medieval England … The Tallyman The earliest known collections system was essentially a door-to-door program, as there were no modern day devices to make the process more efficient. The system of record at that time was typically a hardwood stick with carved notches representing loans and payments between a lender and borrower. This door-to-door collector was known as the Tallyman, which referred to the collection of tally sticks he carried to document financial transactions. The beginning of modern times As technology evolved, telephones and letters became the collections management tools of choice, with a personal visit being a last resort action. The process where a collector managed the repayment strategy and relationships for his assigned customers was still in practice. Collections operations were typically in decentralized branches and small teams of skilled collectors were able to effectively manage this “cradle-to-grave” approach. Yesterday When expense management became a priority, the migration to larger, centralized operations became an industry trend. Many companies found it difficult to hire large teams of highly-skilled collectors in their geographic regions and the bucket system was born. The concept was simple and effective -- let the less experienced staff work the accounts that are the easiest to collect and focus the experienced collectors on the more difficult cases. Advanced collections tools such as automatic dialers arrived on the market to increase efficiency and were shortly followed by decision engines used to support behavioral scoring and segmentation strategies. Today Current trends in collections include the migration towards a risk-based segmentation and strategy approach. Cutting edge tools and collection management software, designed to address today’s collections business objectives, are hitting the market and challenging the traditional bucket approach most of us are used to. As the economic conditions of the past few years deteriorated, many organizations began shifting their spending focus towards the collections department and this, in turn, has inspired investment and innovation from software, analytics and data vendors. New collections scores were recently unveiled that yield predictiveness that has never been seen and collections data products have become significantly more sophisticated. Modern technology is also empowering collections managers to control the destiny of their business units by freeing them from the constraints of over-burdened IT departments and inflexible systems. There is also an emerging trend to consider the collective power of multiple products working in tandem. Collections experts are finding that the benefit of the complete solution equals much more than just the sum of the parts. Tomorrow Once we all migrate to the next level and employ today’s modern marvels to make our businesses more productive and efficient, what’s next? It’s highly probable that tomorrow’s collections workflow will consider the entire relationship and profit potential of a customer before a collections action is executed. Additionally, the value in considering the entire credit and risk picture associated with a customer will be better understood and we will learn when each of the holistic view options is most appropriate. There are a number of roadblocks in the way today, including disparate systems and databases and siloed business units with goals and objectives that are not aligned. Will we eventually get there? The business leaders with long-range vision certainly will … just as some unknown visionary had the initiative to embrace emerging technology and abandon his tally sticks. For more information and to read the Decision Analytics newsletter that features one of my previous blogs, "Next generation collections systems", click here.
They have started to shift away from time-based collections management activities (the 30-, 60-, 90-day bucket approach). Instead, the focus is migrating towards the development of collections strategy that is based on the underlying risk of the individual – to look at how he is performing on all of the obligations in the total relationship to determine the likelihood of repayment and the associated activities that can facilitate that repayment. They’ve found they can’t rely purely on traditional models anymore because consumer behavior has dramatically changed and an account only approach doesn’t reflect the true risk and value of the individual’s relationship.
Part fourImproved change management process is one of the items at the very top of many collections professional’s wish list. In most legacy collections systems, the change management process is slow, expensive and labor intensive. It is not uncommon for an organization to take three, six or even 12 months to implement a system change, depending on the complexity of the request. Additionally, the expenses for a vendor or internal IT department to code, test and deploy the change can cost tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars. Aside from the cost and timelines, the impact to the business can be suffocating, particularly when the business users are unable to keep up with rapidly changing requirements.Change controlOne of the most exciting and innovative features of next generation collection management software systems is the ability to make changes quickly and efficiently, without the need for hard coding or extensive testing. Additionally, change control responsibilities can be granted to business users, who can then be empowered to make system changes, without the support of the software vendors or their internal IT departments. If desired, the change controls can be segmented or shared to ensure (via secure access rights) that only qualified individuals are empowered to make changes and that their skill and knowledge align with the assigned access. Regardless of where the control lies, the entire organization benefits from a change management process that is fast, efficient and easy to manage.The types of system changes that benefit from modern technology include just about any imaginable task. Simple screen or scripting changes fall on one side of the complexity spectrum, while modifications to database layouts lean towards the other end. Linking to other complimentary systems and data sources is also quicker and easier which enables hooks to be implemented in days and weeks rather than months or years.Financial benefitThe financial benefit metric of improved change management is relatively straight forward, although it is not always possible to accurately gauge the benefit ahead of the change event itself. For example, the financial value can be calculated as the benefit of the change itself (considering only the time it is in production) ahead of when it would have been deployed in a legacy environment. Additionally, we must factor the labor and fees that would have been spent to implement the change in the legacy system, less what was actually spent. For example, let’s assume a given change adds $50,000 in monthly benefits. Let’s also assume that we can implement and test the change in a next generation system in one week, while the same change could take six months in a legacy system. The value of the faster change is then $300,000 and we have saved a significant amount of money in labor and fees above and beyond that. One of the key benefits of next generation systems is that these collections efficiency changes can be made in days or weeks rather than months or years. Considering that in a year an organization with modern technology could design and implement many beneficial changes rather than just a handful, the return on investment increases exponentially with additional change management activity.My next blog will be the last in this “next generation collections systems” series and brings together the financial benefits highlighted in my previous blogs in the form of an ROI case study. Common objections and relevant considerations will also be discussed.Stay tuned!
Part 3 Reducing operational and overhead costs starts with the automation of tasks that would otherwise be performed by a human resource. By leveraging an advanced segmentation approach, it is possible to better identify accounts that will not require collector intervention. While automation is not a new concept to collections, significant benefits of modern systems include: • enabling more functions to be automated; • effectiveness of the automated functions to be validated; and • more changes made per year versus legacy systems. Fixing a bad phone number: The old way To illustrate effective automation, let’s use an example where an account is found to have a bad phone number. A common approach to this problem might be for the outbound collector to route the account to a skip specialist who can perform research. This often has the receiving party starting the process after the nightly batch process has transferred the account across departments. If a phone number is found, the account may be manually routed back to an outbound queue and if not, a no-contact letter may be generated. Additionally, there are tasks that need to be performed such as noting accounts that consume a collector’s time. Fixing a bad phone number: The new way A more efficient and cost-effective approach would be for the employee identifying the need for a new number to click a pre-defined button to let the collections system know of the issue. The system could then automatically call out to an external data source to: • collect the new number; • repopulate the appropriate field; • reroute the account back to the most appropriate outbound queue; • log a history of all automated functions performed, and • do all of this within just a few seconds! If the appropriate number cannot be located, the system would know which letter to send and then route the account to the most appropriate holding queue. Reducing operational costs After automation, the operational costs are further reduced by identifying which actions can be effectively replaced by lower-cost options that yield the same results, or even eliminating actions that present no substantial value. For example, why make a call when a letter will suffice? And what happens if we subsequently replace that letter with a text message or take no action at all? Intelligent features of modern systems such as champion/challenger testing can be employed to support a continuous learning process that increases the financial benefits of automation as experience and knowledge is gained. As new automation is introduced and validated as beneficial, other improvement theories can be tested and subsequently abandoned or adopted. Considering the possible impact of automation and action reductions on cost savings let’s assume that three dial attempts are made on the average delinquent account in the first 30 days at a cost of 25 cents each and on the fourth attempt there is a right party contact, which costs an additional $2.50 (assuming the talk time is five minutes). Adding one letter at 75 cents, we have a total cost to collect of $4.00 before the account hits 31 days past due. With 250,000 customers entering collections each month, we can save $200,000 each month in the early stage alone with just a 20 percent improvement. This result could easily be achieved by reducing talk time and eliminating unnecessary actions or unproductive call attempts. Annually that adds up to approximately $2.5 million dollars in savings, in this example. Champion/challenger tests, as well as, the improved functionality of modern systems can also be extended beyond the in-house work stream. Evaluating and comparing external agencies can significantly improve agency performance as well as enable the lender to better manage placement costs. For example, if a lender allocates 1,000 accounts to an external agency each month, with an average balance of $3,000, the total dollars allocated annually is $36 million. If 22 percent of the debt is collected and a 25 percent commission is charged, the net to the lender is nearly $6 million. Improving that return by a mere 4 percent through better allocation strategies, which is a conservative goal, we add another million to the bottom line each year. By factoring in the ability of next generation collections systems to automate most aspects of the placement process itself, including recalling accounts, we further improve efficiencies, free up valuable resources and allow management greater control of the process. Additional benefits of functionally rich modern systems also enable management to grant external resources various levels of remote access to the collections systems to better monitor activities and ensure that transactional data is properly captured. In addition to granting external agencies remote access, modern collections systems can also enable collectors to work from home-based workstations to further reduce operational costs. Many industry analysts see this as an emerging trend over the next few years, particularly when productivity can be monitored in real-time. My next blog will continue the discussion on the benefits of next generation collections systems and will provide details on improved change management processes.
Back during World War I, the concept of “triage” was first introduced to the battlefield. Faced with massive casualties and limited medical resources, a system was developed to identify and select those who most needed treatment and who would best respond to treatment. Some casualties were tagged as terminal and received no aid; others with minimal injuries were also passed over. Instead, medical staff focused their attentions on those who required their services in order to be saved. These were the ones who needed and would respond to appropriate treatment. Our clients realize that the collections battlefield of today requires a similar approach. They have limited resources to face this mounting wave of delinquencies and charge offs. They also realize that they can’t throw bodies at this problem. They need to work smarter and use data and decisioning more effectively to help them survive this battle.Some accounts will never “cure” no matter what you do. Others will self-cure with minimal or no active effort. Taking the right actions on the right accounts, with the right resources, at the right time is best accomplished with advanced segmentation that employs behavioral scoring, bureau-based scores and other relevant account data. The actual data and scores that should be used depend on the situation and account status, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach.Future related articles will dive deeper into the various segmentation approach options and explain how advanced decisioning provides additional benefit over the score-only methods.
Part twoImproved collector productivity and cash flow is the concept of doing more work with existing staff or doing the same amount of work with fewer human resources. In its most simplistic form, the associated metric is the number of cases worked per employee in a given amount of time. While the definition of cases worked can be open to interpretation, the most common qualifier is that an action from a pre-defined list must be executed and documented for each account.When leveraging modern technology to achieve these results, the first objective is to channel the accounts that benefit the most from human intervention. Real-time segmentation that considers the most current status of the case is a key feature in new systems that ensure accounts are placed in the right place at the right time. This makes certain that accounts find their way to the most appropriate skill level so that less experienced staff are not overwhelmed and more experienced staff are not tasked with easier activities that distract them from solving more complex situations. Context-sensitive screens and menus can further improve the productivity gains when collectors are working accounts. When collectors have the data they need to perform a task or make a decision without having to sift through irrelevant information, handling time is significantly reduced. Refreshing the screens and menus in real time as an account status changes is another key feature in today’s technology that ensures the appropriate information is always presented to the collector.Real-time scriptingReal-time scripting that is capable of being updated along with the changing situation is another productivity contributor, as is user-friendly screens. Not only is handling time further reduced, but gains can be found in significantly shorter training time for new staff members. Enabling the business users to change screen content, scripting, menus and visual aids on the fly is a powerful benefit of next generation collections systems. The ability to support champion / challenger testing for any visual or screen content changes further enables the organization to test and validate work stream improvements. In addition to the benefits mentioned above, advanced scripting and on-line help can significantly assist an organization to adhere to legal and compliance requirements.Real-time segmentationReal-time segmentation, coupled with context sensitive screens that refresh as the account situation changes (even in the midst of a negotiation) facilitate more effective negotiations. This lets collectors send more appropriate and relevant messaging to customers. Further improvements can be attributed to enabling a holistic view of the customer relationship and the relevance and effectiveness will be more consistent across the organization. The net effect is collecting more dollars per negotiation from the same population of customers that will be contacted in a faster manner.Real-time segmentation of accounts also provides the added benefit of keeping accounts in an active status and as a result makes your collections work stream more efficient. Not being dependent upon a batch process to update and route accounts ensures that each case is always in the right place at the right time and never in a holding pattern awaiting a transfer between work queues or departments. As a result, the organization will see more efficient case handling and a faster collection of debt.Improved productivity and real-time dashboardingImproved productivity reporting and real-time dashboarding enable line managers to provide appropriate feedback to collectors to make certain that Key Performance Indicators (KPI) goals are met on a regular basis. The resources in need of coaching or training can be identified before the substandard performance significantly reduces team objectives and collectors that excel can be provided with timely and accurate positive reinforcement.Gains in productivityWhen migrating to modern technology, it is very common that organizations experience at least a 20 percent gain in productivity improvement initially. This equates to the possibility of 20 fewer headcount in a team of 100 to handle the same workload. Alternatively, the existing team could handle 20 percent more accounts with approximately the same average results per account. Assuming a fully loaded cost of $50,000 a year per headcount, a 20 percent productivity boost in this example would roughly translate to a million dollars annually in financial benefit. When considering the additional benefit of reduced cost of training, this number will be even higher.Thanks for coming back. My next two blogs will provide additional details on the benefits of next generation collections systems including reduced operational and overhead costs and improved change management process.Stay tuned!
Part oneIn today’s collections environment, the challenges of meeting an organization’s financial objectives are more difficult than ever. Case volumes are higher, accounts are more difficult to collect and changing customer behaviors are rendering existing business models less effective.When responding to recent events, it is not uncommon for organizations to take what may seem to be the easiest path to success — simply hiring more staff. Perhaps in the short-term there may appear to be cash flow improvements, but in most cases this is not the most effective way to cope with long-term business needs. As incremental staff is added to compensate for additional workloads, there is a point of diminishing return on investment and that point can be difficult to define until after the expenditures have been made. Additionally, there are almost always significant operational improvements that can be realized by introducing new technology and the relevant ROI models often forecast very accurately.So, where should a collections department consider investing to improve financial results? The best option will probably not be the obvious choice and the mere thought can make the most seasoned collections professionals shudder … replace the core collections system with modern technology.That said, let’s consider what has changed in recent years and explore why the replacement proposition is not nearly as difficult or costly as it once was. In addition, I’ll discuss how the value proposition typically makes this option extremely appealing today.The collections system software industry is on the brink of a technology evolution to modern, next-generation offerings. Legacy systems are typically inflexible and do not allow for an effective change management program. This handicap leaves collections departments unable to keep up with rapidly changing business objectives that are a critical requirement in surviving through these tough economic times. Today’s collections managers face the need to reduce operational costs while improving other objectives such as reducing losses, improving cash flow and promoting customer satisfaction (particularly with customers that pose a greater lifetime profit opportunity). The next generation collections software squarely addresses these business problems and provides significant improvement over legacy systems. Not only is this modern technology now available, but, the return on investment models are extremely compelling and have been proven in markets where successful implementations have already occurred.This blog is the first of a four part series. I will continue to explain, in detail, the benefits of next generation collections systems while specifically focusing on improved productivity and cash flow; reduced operational and overhead costs; and improved change management processes.Please check back soon!
Learn More Image
